Case-based reasoning systems and methods

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods disclosed herein provide for a case-based reasoning using universal ontologies. Embodiments of the systems and methods provide for comparing current and past cases based on the universal ontologies, wherein the universal ontology integrates information associated with the current and past cases with at least one reasoning system.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to information and computerscience, and more particularly to improved case-based reasoning systemsand methods.

BACKGROUND

Case-based reasoning (CBR) is defined as the branch of artificialintelligence (AI) concerned with solving problems by reuse of pastexperiences. CBR examines a current situation in terms of factors, whencompared to a past situation and its decisions factors, where theoccurrence of factors are used to make a decision about a contestedissue. In particular, factors associated with past situations areanalyzed and compared to factors associated with a same issue in thecurrent situation. Specifically, factors supporting an argument for asimilar decision of an issue in the current situation are identified inthe past situations. Further, CBR also ranks these past situationsaccording to the strength of their argument for a similar decision. Theunderlying assumption is that the past situation's decision for acontested issue was based on reasoning about the occurrence of a subsetof “pro” and “con” factors, from a common set of domain factors that arenormatively used to decide that issue. Each situation, either past orcurrent, may have different subsets of occurrences of these factors,whose definitions have a common understanding of meaning known to thedecision authorities and to the parties contesting the issue. In eachsituation, occurrences of these factors are used by the contestingparties to argue for a pro or con decision of a contested issue, whereineach factor has an inherent bias to be supportive of or against that proor con decision. The decision authority then analyzes the factors andthe arguments to render a decision.

Further, CBR can also be designed where, instead of pastcases/situations being used for comparison purposes, a set ofpre-defined prototypical situations are defined, where their factors anddecisions are used for comparison purposes.

However, comparing factors from current cases to a number of past casescan be difficult and time-intensive if each of the cases and thecorresponding factors for a contested issue are associated withdifferent domains and models. In particular, current systems aren't ableto efficiently integrate multiple kinds of knowledge to perform acomparison between a current case and the plurality of already-decidedpast cases. Further, current approaches generally utilize at least oneof similarity measures of either attribute value-pairs or nearest-kneighbors (or other analytic sorting) to determine similarity of a pastcase with a current case. Such approaches are limited by relying on asingle similarity analysis to determine the relevance of each localfactor and relying on other similarity measures to provide a globalsimilarity measure across the local attribute similarity measures. Thisform of comparative analysis has a number of weaknesses. For example,the analysis does not include any reasoning about factors relationships,nor provides any detailed explanatory rational for the reasoning resultsof its analysis. Further, the analysis does not use any arguments andcounter arguments for the relevance determination of a factor in adecision. As such, there is a loss of information from this kind ofsimilarity attribute-value case analysis. In fact, similarity-based CBRis only useful in finding those aspects of cases which are in common,not those aspects which are differentiating, and whether they supportthe defendant (i.e., “con”) or plaintiff (i.e., “pro”).

As such, there is a need for a system that combines multiple kinds ofknowledge and multiple forms of inferential reasoning to justify therelevance and strength for selecting past cases.

SUMMARY

This invention focuses on reasoning about knowledge of past decisionsfor contested issues, and their influence for an argument for a similardecision for a current situation. According to an embodiment, a CBRsystem compares the population of past situations and compares factorsfor each past situation with the factors for a current situation using ahierarchical multi-layered reasoning model, wherein the model isimplemented in a unique CBR ontology where the different kinds ofreasoning associated with each layer's model filters the population ofpast situations, layer-by-layer, until a sorted list of past situationssatisfying each layer's model is provided with CBR outcome argumentstrength classifications.

Further, the CBR system can use knowledge of any situation in itspopulated knowledge base for comparative reasoning with any othersituation in its populated situation knowledge base, thereby providingadditional insights about the support of other situation decisions. Thisapproach also provides detailed CBR reasoning and rational about thestrength of support for the same decision for a selected situation withother situations in the knowledge base. This approach can also be usedfurther to analyze the supporting argumentative strength trail of pastsituation decisions for a current situation discovered by CBR reasoning,thereby providing a path of decisions for past situations that CBRdiscovered supporting the argument for a similar decision. This CBRanalysis can be repeated iteratively to any number of iterations foreach supporting past situation to form a tree structure of pastsituation decisions in the CBR knowledge base. This also enables thereasoning about the paths in the tree that have the highest argumentoutcome strength for a similar decision to the current situation.

Further, the CBR system is also designed to enable comparative reasoningbetween a current situation and past situations with a capability toselect different combinations or subsets of factor occurrences for acurrent situation. This flexibility to select and assert subsets offactors for a current situation provides additional insights about whichfactor combinations for a current situation provide the best set of pastcases with stronger arguments for arguing a similar decision for thecurrent situation. Each execution of the CBR reasoning system willresult in a sorted list of past situations organized by their strengthof argument for a similar decision and, in this way, subsequentreasoning by the same system can automatically determine the bestcombination of factors.

Further, according to an embodiment, the CBR reasoning results provide alist of prototypical situations sorted by their argumentative strengthfor a similar decision. If the prototypical situations are organized ina hierarchy of preference relations, than the interpretation of the CBRreasoning results for a current situation may also be sorted by thepreference relation of the prototypical situations.

According to an embodiment, the CBR system includes: a processor,wherein the processor is configured to: (i) receive, at a userinterface, selection of a current case and at least one past case; (ii)compare the current case with the at least one past case based on anontology, wherein the ontology integrates information associated withthe at least one current case and the at least one past case with atleast one reasoning system, wherein the comparison includes: determining(a) a first factor hierarchy for the current case and (b) at least asecond factor hierarchy for the at least one past case, wherein each ofthe first factor hierarchy and the at least second factor hierarchyincludes a plurality of corresponding factors; and applying the at leastone reasoning system to the determined first factor hierarchy and atleast second factor hierarchy, wherein the at least one reasoning systemfilters out those past cases failing to satisfy conditions associatedwith the at least one reasoning system; and (iii) display, with the userinterface, those past cases satisfying the conditions associated withthe at least one reasoning system.

According to another embodiment, the CBR system includes (i) at leastone server, wherein the at least one server is configured to store aplurality of current and past cases and at least one reasoning system,(ii) a client device including a user interface, wherein the userinterface is configured to receive selection of a current case and atleast one past case of the plurality of current and past cases, and(iii) a processor, wherein the processor is configured to: (a) comparethe current case with the at least one past case based on an ontology,wherein the ontology integrates information associated with the at leastone current case and the at least one past case with the at least onereasoning system, wherein the comparison includes: determining a firstfactor hierarchy for the current case and at least a second factorhierarchy for the at least one past case, wherein each of the firstfactor hierarchy and the at least second factor hierarchy includes aplurality of corresponding factors; and applying the at least onereasoning system to the determined first factor hierarchy and at leastsecond factor hierarchy, wherein the at least one reasoning systemfilters out those past cases failing to satisfy conditions associatedwith the at least one reasoning system; and (b) display, with the userinterface, those past cases satisfying the conditions associated withthe at least one reasoning system.

Further, according to an embodiment, a CBR method includes: receiving,at a user interface, selection of a current case and at least one pastcase; comparing the current case with the at least one past case basedon the CBR ontology, wherein the ontology integrates informationassociated with the at least one current case and the at least one pastcase with at least one reasoning system, wherein the comparisonincludes: determining (i) a first factor hierarchy for the current caseand (ii) at least a second factor hierarchy for the at least one pastcase, wherein each of the first factor hierarchy and the at least secondfactor hierarchy includes a plurality of corresponding factors; andapplying the at least one reasoning system to the determined firstfactor hierarchy and at least second factor hierarchy, wherein the atleast one reasoning system filters out those past cases failing tosatisfy conditions associated with the at least one reasoning system;and displaying, with the user interface, those past cases satisfying theconditions associated with the at least one reasoning system.

According to an embodiment, the CBR system uses a semanticallyintegrating knowledge-based approach, based on the design of a layeredontology multi-layered hierarchical knowledge representation andreasoning architecture to represent knowledge and reason about a currentsituation/case and the relevance of past situations/cases in determiningwhether a similar decision for the current situation outcome shouldoccur. In particular, the system compares every past situation/case withthe current situation and, through the ontology hierarchical reasoningsystem, analyzes the basis and rational for determining if a pastsituation/case can be used for a similar decision in the currentsituation. For example, the CBR system starts with first determiningwhether there are any common factors both for (i.e., “pro”) and against(i.e., “con”) the decision. Then, the system analyzes if there are anydiscriminating factors that prohibit the argument for a similardecision. It then attempts to mitigate this discrimination through anargument that undermines this discrimination by reasoning about therelationships in the factor hierarchy. The system then analyzes theseresults of the case comparison to see if there are any uniquediscriminating factors that strengthen the argument for a similardecision, i.e., factors that weaken the past case or factors thatstrengthen the current case. Then, the system classifies these resultsinto those cases that have a minimum relevance of commonality with no orundermined discriminating negative factors, and classifies these intothose that have strengthening factors in its argument reasoning.Further, all analyses of all past cases/situations results areexplicitly retained by the system knowledge base and are available forquerying by a user interface for explanatory reasons. The CBR systemexcludes past cases where there are unique discriminating weakeningfactors in the current situation/case or unique discriminatingstrengthening factors in the past case which are not undermined by otherfactors in the factor hierarchy. Further, because all of the reasoningresults are retained in the knowledge system (even those that did notsatisfy the minimal conditions for relevance), the CBR system candisplay these details for one or more selected past cases forconsidering editing of current case factors to change its CBR argumentoutcome classification.

The ability to reason about the parent-child relationships in the factorhierarchy in the combined current-past case factor hierarchy enables theCBR system to determine exactly the influence of discriminating factorsand whether they lead to exceptions, removal of the past case forconsideration, or whether they can be undermined by other factors havingthe same parent.

Further, the CBR system is domain independent. Therefore, CBR can beapplied to different domains with their own sets of contested issues.Further, according to an embodiment, the CBR system is configured toreason about knowledge in lower architecture layers representinginformation about contested issues, relevant factors, and pastcases/situations (and their factors and decisions) without having tohave create specific information at the higher layers about this domaininformation in its layers. The CBR ontology at these lower layers ispredefined and domain independent. The ontology becomes domainindependent by asserting facts about the factor hierarchy, cases, andcase factors for the appropriate CBR ontology classes and relations inthe CBR ontology. Thus, the CBR system is domain independent until datais used to populate the factor and case knowledge in the CBR ontologyknowledge base. In particular, the CBR system reasons about theknowledge in the lower layers and it dynamically creates temporaryreasoning results at each layer until the final layer provides the finalCBR results. As a result of this approach, although higher layers mayhave no direct knowledge of the domains, factors, cases, or decisionscontained in the lower layers, they are still able to reason about thisknowledge in the higher layers in a similar manner contained in thelower layers. Therefore, the CBR system can easily analyze multiplecontested issues in a domain, each with their own associated factors andfactor hierarchy, as well as their past history of situations/cases withtheir decisions made on that contested issue.

These and other advantages will be described more fully in the followingdetailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to facilitate a fuller understanding of the present invention,reference is now made to the attached drawings. The drawings should notbe construed as limiting the present invention, but are intended only toillustrate different aspects and embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a system functional diagram of a generic ontology knowledgeand reasoning system and its ontology and functional componentsaccording to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating a CBR system according to an exemplaryembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating the ontology hierarchical knowledgerepresentation and reasoning layers according to an exemplary embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating a simplified view of the hierarchicalreasoning system implemented by the CBR system according to an exemplaryembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2D is a diagram illustrating the relationships between the layersin the CBR hierarchical reasoning system.

FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating a factor hierarchy model associatedwith a contested issue according to an exemplary embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating examples of kinds of case factors froma legal domain according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3C is a diagram illustrating a factor hierarchy of case factorsdepicted in FIG. 3B.

FIG. 3D is a diagram illustrating a case comparison including casefactors depicted in FIG. 3B.

FIG. 3E is a diagram illustrating an information model used by the CBRsystem ontology to represent knowledge about each case/situation.

FIG. 3F is a diagram illustrating the information model used by the CBRsystem ontology to represent knowledge about each case comparisoninstance.

FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating a case comparison factor partitionsfrom a “pro” perspective according to an exemplary embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating a case comparison factor partitionsfrom a “con” perspective according to an exemplary embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 4C1 is a diagram illustrating an argument information model used bythe CBR system.

FIG. 4C2 is a diagram illustrating the set of arguments in a CBRargument scheme reasoning model from the “pro” perspective according toan exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4D is a diagram illustrating the set of arguments in a CBR argumentscheme reasoning model from the “pro” perspective according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4E is a diagram illustrating CBR system sorted reasoning outcomesaccording to their argumentative strength in an exemplary embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 5A is a table illustrating example decision factors according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5B is an ontology instance diagram illustrating a factory hierarchyof the decision factors depicted in FIG. 5A.

FIG. 5C is a diagram illustrating cases and their corresponding casefactors according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5D is a diagram illustrating inferred factors for factor partitionP1-P6 for each case comparison according to an exemplary embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 6A1 is a diagram illustrating CBR ontology classes for a factorhierarchy according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6A2 is a diagram illustrating the reasoning relationships betweenreasoning outcome ontology classes of a CBR ontology and the classesrepresenting case comparisons, cases, factor partitions and factors withidentifications of the reasoning outcome classes according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6A3 is a CBR ontology instance diagram illustrating the corollaryreasoning outcome results according to an exemplary embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 6A4 is a CBR ontology instance diagram illustrating the factorhierarchy-factor instance assertions according to an exemplaryembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating the CBR ontology inferred casepartition instances for a case comparison instance according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6C is a diagram illustrating the CBR ontology inferred casepartition instances for another case comparison instance according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6D is a diagram illustrating the CBR ontology inferred casepartition instances for another case comparison instance according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6E is a diagram illustrating the CBR ontology pattern for anargument scheme.

FIG. 6F1 is a diagram illustrating the CBR ontology pattern for casecomparison factor partitions P1 to P4 according to an exemplaryembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6F2 is a diagram illustrating the CBR ontology pattern for casecomparison factor partitions P5 and P6 according to an exemplaryembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating a user interface according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating the user interface in FIG. 7Aaccording to another exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7C is a diagram illustrating a user interface for supporting “Whatif” CBR reasoning outcomes analysis of a current case with respect tomodifying the set of factors asserted for that case.

FIG. 7D is a diagram illustrating a user interface for supporting theentering of information to define a factor hierarchy according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The following description of embodiments provides non-limitingrepresentative examples referencing numerals to particularly describefeatures and teachings of different aspects of the invention. Theembodiments described should be recognized as capable of implementationseparately, or in combination, with other embodiments from thedescription of the embodiments. A person skilled in the art reviewingthe description of embodiments should be able to learn and understandthe different described aspects of the invention. The description ofembodiments should facilitate understanding of the invention to such anextent that other implementations, not specifically covered but withinthe knowledge of a person of skill in the art having read thedescription of embodiments, would be understood to be consistent with anapplication of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a system functional diagram of a generic ontology knowledgeand reasoning system and its ontology and functional componentsaccording to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. According to anembodiment, the generic ontology knowledge system has one or morecomputer processor(s) that provides the computer processing power andmemory to host and execute the following kinds of system softwareidentified as the web server 20, knowledge repository server 21, OWL 2Web Ontology Language (“OWL2”) reasoning engine 22, semantic mappingservice 24 a, and RDF population service 23 a. A separate,computer-persistent, storage technology system hosts the knowledgesystem ontologies 25 and 22 c, knowledge bases 21 a, 21 b, domain datametamodels or schemas 24, and domain data sources 23. The OWL2 directsemantics 22 a is explicitly defined in the OWL2 ontology language (DL)22 b, and its execution is performed by the OWL2 reasoning engine 22.

According to an embodiment, the web client 10 is configured to accessthe web server 20 in order to access web services. In addition, the webclient 10 is also configured to access a plurality of knowledge basesvia queries to the knowledge repository server 21 which, on behalf ofthe client request, accesses the asserted knowledge base 21 b containingthe asserted facts for factors, factor hierarchy, cases, and the CBRunpopulated ontology, as well as the inferred knowledge base 21 acontaining the reasoning results of the CBR facts in the knowledge base21 b via execution of the reasoning engine 22. According to anembodiment, the server 21 provides (i) a storage of the systemontologies (e.g., CBR ontology), and the related ontology knowledgebases and (ii) a standard SPARQL service endpoint for accessing theontologies and the ontology knowledge bases (both asserted 21 b andinferred 21 a). For example, the server 21 may access the inferredknowledge base 21 a, which is represented as resource descriptionframework (RDF) triples, and may also access the domain assertedknowledge base 21 b, which is described in asserted RDF triples.Further, the OWL2 reasoning engine 22, when executed by the appropriatesystem functions, enables a set of inferences to be made for theontology knowledge bases, which will result in additional sets of facts,expressed in OWL/RDF triples. According to an embodiment, some of thesepossible direct semantic alignments may be presented to the user aschoices to be selected and, once selected, will become part of thepersistent store graph server (e.g., server 21) and ontology knowledgebase (e.g., knowledge bases 21 a or 21 b). For example, as depicted inthe figure, the reasoning engine 22 classifies the OWL2 ontology 25,which represents the domain knowledge 25 a. Further, the reasoningengine 22 is executed consistent with the OWL2 direct semantics 22 a andthe OWL2 descriptive logic 22 b. In addition, the reasoning engine 22may also generate potential ontology designed domain inferences 22 c.Further, a semantic mapping 24 a may be mapped onto the OWL2 ontology25. According to an embodiment, the semantic mapping 24 a may be mappedfrom the schemas retrieved from the domain data metamodels or schemas24. Further, the semantic mapping 24 a may also be utilized to performan RDF population service 23 a on the domain data sources 23. The RDFsmay then be exported to the appropriate knowledge base via the server21.

FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating a CBR system according to an exemplaryembodiment of the invention. According to an embodiment, a CBR system100 is configured to: (i) reason about the domain factors hierarchyontology model 101 when analyzing and comparing the sets of factoroccurrences for each comparison of the current case 120 and each of thepast cases 110; (ii) perform a pairwise case comparison between thecurrent case 120 and each of the past cases 110 based on the knowledgeabout factor occurrences 122 and 112, respectively, in each case; and(iii) generate a plurality of CBR reasoning outcomes 131 to 136. Asdepicted in the figure, the domain factors 101 correspond to the factorsused for decisions in a domain and which some subsets of them, e.g.,factors 112, were used in decisions for the past cases 110. Further, thecase 110 includes a plurality of past situations/cases 111 and theircorresponding case factors 112 and decisions 113. Further, the currentcase 120 includes a current situation/case 121 and the correspondingcase factors 122. As further depicted in the figure, the CBR reasoningoutcomes includes strongest argument 131, strong argument 132, relevantargument—exception arguments undermined 133, relevant argument—noexception arguments 134, relevant argument failed—has exceptionarguments 135, and relevant argument failed—missing common factorarguments 136. The outcomes represent an argument strength preferencefor use of a particular past case, from the strongest, e.g., 131 to theminimally relevant, e.g., 134. Further, 135 and 136 are excepted fromuse for a similar decision argument due to failing the arguments or nothaving sufficient common factors. The CBR reasoning outcomes will bedescribed in more detail below.

The CBR knowledge identified in FIG. 2A is hosted by specific CBRfunctions identified in FIG. 1 as follows. The CBR ontologies' assertedfacts for domain factors 101, past cases 110, and current case 120 arestored in the asserted knowledge base 21 b, while the inferred CBRreasoning outcomes and other ontology inferences (at all layers) arestored in the inferred knowledge base 21 a. Further, the reasoningfunctions performed by the system 100 are implemented with the OWL2reasoning engine 22. Further, according to an embodiment, each of thedomain factors 101, past cases 110, and current case 120 are representedusing the OWL2 ontology language standards 22 a and 22 b, while the CBRontology is represented with the OWL2 ontology 25.

FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating the CBR ontology knowledgehierarchical and integration layers 101 through 107, and their corollaryreasoning layers 141 through 146 utilizing a CBR system according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention. As depicted in the figure, theCBR system utilizes an CBR Integrating Knowledge Representation andLayered Reasoning ontology 140 to integrate the various knowledge layers101 to 107 with the reasoning layers 141 to 146. According to anembodiment, the CBR ontology is an unpopulated model of the CBR layersand it's CBR knowledge bases and contains the models and facts (assertedand inferred) of all of the knowledge contained in layers 101 through107. Further, the CBR ontology implements the direct semantic logicusing the models of layers of 141 through 146 and creates the inferredfacts from the asserted facts at each layer. According to an embodiment,the knowledge systems include domain factors 101 (e.g., representingknowledge about domain factors influencing case decisions), domainknowledge 102 (e.g., representing knowledge in any domain where decisionoutcomes are based on common domain factor definitions and comparison ofoutcomes in past cases, e.g., law, regulatory, or other domains wherepast decisions using factors influence current situation decisions),case knowledge 103 (e.g., representing knowledge about cases and factorsused in case decisions), logical comparative factor combinationsknowledge 104 (e.g., representing knowledge about six sets of potentiallogical factor combinations between two comparative cases), defeasibleargument model 105 (e.g., representing a common model for all argumentsexpressed in a fashion to enable defeasible arguments in a commonargument semantic pattern, with claims, premises, exceptions, anddefeasible inferences), defeasible argument integrative model 106 (e.g.,representing knowledge about six specific CBR argument models combiningarguments in a semantic model-theoretic manner to infer which casecomparisons and past cases have various classification levels ofstrength for arguing a similar outcome for the current case from thepast case), and CBR system comparison outcome arguments strengthclassifications 107 (e.g., representing knowledge about argumentcomparison strength of each CBR past case results that this past casecan be used as an argument for a similar decision for the current case).Further, according to an embodiment, the domain knowledge 102 includesdomain-specific knowledge such as (i) the domain factor controlledvocabulary, (ii) the populated domain factor knowledge base, (iii) thepopulated domain past cases knowledge base, and (iv) the integration ofthe populated domain past cases and their populated domain factorknowledge base. Further, the reasoning systems 141 implement domainfactor case comparison permutation logic 141 (e.g., reasoning aboutpermutations of factors for each comparison instance of current case vs.past case), defeasible reasoning logic 142 (e.g., conditional reasoningwhere new occurrences of factors will change the reasoning results forthe Argument reasoning 145), defeasible argument reasoning 143 (e.g.,conditional reasoning about argument claims based on premises andexceptions where any changes in the them will change the reasoningoutcomes), CBR case comparison overall integrative argument modelreasoning 144 (e.g., conditional reasoning about set of interdependentarguments where the outcomes of one argument reasoning are defined asinputs to another argument), CBR case comparison outcome strengthclassification reasoning 145 (e.g., conditional reasoning sorting thefiltered set of past cases satisfying the arguments by their strength ofargument for a similar decision for the current case), and CBR casecomparison outcome Q & A 146 typically implemented by a CBR userinterface (e.g., find reasoning rational and inferred results answeringquestions).

FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating a hierarchical reasoning systemimplemented by the CBR system according to an exemplary embodiment ofthe invention. As depicted in the figure, a CBR knowledge hierarchy 150includes a plurality of layers of 151 to 158. According to anembodiment, the CBR knowledge hierarchy 150 includes a factor hierarchyfor a domain of interest and versions layer 151, a factors-hierarchylayer 152, a cases layer 153, a case comparisons layer 154, a CBR factorpartitions layer 155, a CBR arguments layer 156, an arguments analysisscheme 157, and a CBR analysis scheme 158. The factor hierarchy domainsand versions layer 151 includes the factor hierarchy ontology andfactors used to support the decision for an issue in a domain as well asthe relationships between the factor hierarchy versions based on thevarious factor states. The factors-hierarchy layer 152 includes thefactors asserted for a case defined from a factor hierarchy version 151.Domain factors are defined as fundamental concepts of knowledge in aspecific domain used for deciding an contested issue for a specificsituation or case where there are contesting arguments based on thesesame factors. Identification of domain factors is important since theyform the foundation of knowledge that can be used to compare and reasonabout the relevance of past situation/case with a currentsituation/case. Each factor has a bias in support of one of the “pro” or“con” side of an outcome for a situation/case level. For example, in thelegal domain, a factor may support either the plaintiff or defendant.According to an embodiment, the factors may be used in complex reasoningtheories, such as argument schemes, to argue a certain outcome. Thecases layer 153 corresponds to cases in the same domain with outcomesfrom the “pro” and “con” perspective, wherein the cases layer 153includes information about how a case was decided for a contested issueand is used to identify those corresponding evidence about factors usedin deciding the case for the “pro” or “con” perspective. In the casecomparisons layer 154, pairs of current and past cases are selected fromthe set of cases in the layer 153 for comparison, wherein the currentcase is default to an unknown outcome, the past case has a knowndecision outcome, and both cases have identified factors used fordecisions as well as the corresponding evidence for each factor. The CBRfactor partitions layer 155 includes definitions of partitions of uniquecombinations of “pro” factors and “con” factors for each case comparisoninstance (e.g., current case vs past case). Six CBR partitions aredefined, i.e., P1-P6, wherein each definition either supports or weakensan argument for the “pro” or “con” outcome. The CBR partitions will bedescribed in greater detail below in FIG. 4A. The CBR arguments layer156 includes universal, domain-independent arguments, i.e., AS1-AS6,having claim definitions supporting either the “pro” or “con” outcome,or satisfying an exception definition that negates the argument claim.Further, premises and exceptions for an argument are defined as logicaldependencies on the particular CBR factor partitions occurrence. Theargument schemes will be described in greater detail below. Thearguments analysis scheme layer 157 includes a hierarchical scheme ofthe domain-independent arguments AS1-AS6 organized in a logicaldependency, where the claims of one argument act as either a premise ofthe higher-level argument or an exception negating the claims of thehigher level argument. The CBR analysis outcome 158 includes the resultsof the CBR hierarchical argument scheme, e.g., outcomes 131 to 136.Further, according to an embodiment, the CBR ontology knowledge systempersists the results of all of its analyses at all layers including theargument reasoning higher layers of which past cases satisfy and don'tsatisfy that particular argument for each argument in the hierarchicalargument scheme. In this way the hierarchical reasoning system providesexplicit and visible knowledge to explain the rational for its final setof past case recommendations and their classifications.

FIG. 2D is a diagram illustrating the relationships between the CBRhierarchical reasoning layers in the CBR hierarchical reasoning systemof FIG. 2C and the conceptual and knowledge representation as well asreasoning models for each layer, which in turn are represented asontology patterns in the OWL2 ontology which form the components of theCBR Ontology. Further, each area of knowledge illustrated in the layersof FIG. 2B is organized as models for each layer in FIGS. 2C and 2D. Inparticular, each layer model in FIG. 2C is represented as an ontologypattern in the CBR ontology of FIG. 2D. See Table 1 below relating thesemodels and ontology patterns to the layers. For example, the layer 151,which is identified in FIGS. 2C and 2D, has a corresponding factorhierarchy model 151-M (e.g., FIG. 3A).

The following Table 1 identifies the concept models used to define thekind of knowledge reasoned about in each layer as well as the ontologypatterns used to create the ontology reasoning capability for each layerand across the layers. The first column identifies the CBR reasoninglayer and its component in FIG. 2C, while the second column identifiesthe corollary concept model for each layer in FIG. 2D as well as themodel diagram Figure for that layer and the third column references therespective CBR ontology diagrams for each layer (including the exampleassertion and reasoning results).

TABLE 1 CBR Ontology Pattern, Layer Concept Example Ontology CBRReasoning Knowledge Pattern Layer Model Assertions/Reasoning (FIG. 2C)(FIG. 2D) Results CBR Reasoning 158-M; FIG. 4E FIG. 6A2, FIG. 6A3 (609,Outcome 158 608, 607, 606, 605) Argument Scheme 157 157-M; FIG. 4C2 FIG.6A2, FIG. 6A3. FIG. 6E CBR Argument 156 156-M; FIG. 4C1 FIG. 6A2, FIG.6A3, FIG. 6E CBR Factor 155-M; FIG. 4A FIG. 5D, FIG. 6A2, FIG.Partitions 155 6A3, FIG. 6F1, FIG. 6F2 Case Comparison 154 154-M; FIG.3F FIG. 6A1, FIG. 6A2, FIG. 6A3 Cases/Situations 153 153-M; FIG. 3E FIG.5C, FIG. 6A1, FIG. 6A2, FIG. 6A3 Case Factor 152-M; FIG. 3C FIG. 5C,FIG. 6A1, FIG. Assertions 152 6A2, FIG. 6A3 Factor 151-M; FIG. 3A FIG.5A, FIG. 5B, FIG. Hierarchy 151 6A1, FIG. 6A2, FIG. 6A3

FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating a factor hierarchy model associatedwith a contested issue according to an exemplary embodiment of theinvention. The model is universal and customizable, e.g., by having aset of defining factors for a domain asserted as facts in the CBROntology knowledge base. In other words, the factor hierarchy modelitself is domain independent but becomes domain specific when factsabout defining factors are asserted. According to an embodiment, afactor hierarchy 160 includes a contested issue 161, mid-parent factors162, leaf factors 163, as well as the dependent relations between them.As depicted in the figure, the contested issue 161 is an issue with adefined preference for one side, pro or con, which is influenced by itsfactor hierarchy of mid-factors 162 and leaf-factors 163. The domainfactors 162 and 163 are defined relevant to the contested issue 161,each factor is inherently biased to the defined pro/con for each domainfactor relevant to that contested issue 161. For example, the domainfactors may be labeled with either “(P)” or “(C).” Further, according toan embodiment, the mid parent factors 162 are domain concepts that havesupporting or opposing leaf factors 163. Further, these parentmid-factors 162 are used in subsequent CBR argument scheme reasoning todetermine whether an existing case factor can be undermined by anotherfactor having the same mid-factor parent. Further, the mid parentfactors are used to define a broader domain concept covering a subset ofleaf factors 163 in a domain, and which are biased (e.g., pro/con) for acontested issue. The leaf factors 163 are the lowest set of factors,i.e., base factors.

FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating case factors according to an exemplaryembodiment of the invention. In particular, the figure depicts a set offactors 170 for a trade secrets case. According to an embodiment, thetrade secrets case may include the following factors: unique product171, identical product 172, brought tools 173, information-publicallyknown or available 174, and reverse-engineerable 175. Further, asdepicted in the figure, factors 171, 172, and 173 are “pro”-biased,while factors 174 and 176 are “con”-biased.

FIG. 3C is a diagram illustrating a factor hierarchy of case factorsdepicted in FIG. 3B. For example, a factor hierarchy 180 includes acontested issue 181, a mid parent factor 182, and factors 171 and 174 asleaf factors. According to an embodiment, the contested issue 181 iswhether information can be considered a trade secret (i.e.,“Info-Is-A-Trade Secret”). Further, this particular contested issue isbiased to a pro decision. Further, the mid parent factor 182 correspondsto whether certain information is valuable (i.e., “Info-Valuable”).According to an embodiment, the mid-parent factor 182 is also“pro”-biased and, therefore, supports the contested issue 181 (asindicated by the solid arrow between the mid parent factor 182 and thecontested issue 181). Further, the mid parent factor 182 is a parent tochild factors 171 and 174. As depicted in the figure, the factor 171 isalso “pro”-biased and, therefore, supports the mid parent factor 182 (asindicated by the solid arrow between the factor 171 and the mid parentfactor 182). However, the factor 174 is “con”-biased and, therefore,weakens the mid parent factor 182 (as indicated by the dashed arrowbetween the factor 174 and the mid parent factor 182). According to anembodiment, the relationship between the mid parent factors and thecorresponding leaf factors may be utilized in determining whether theoccurrence of a unique leaf factor in one case can be undermined byoccurrence of another leaf factor, having the same mid parent factor, inthe other case.

FIG. 3D is a diagram illustrating the allocation of factors between twocases in a case comparison including case factors depicted in FIG. 3B.As depicted in the case comparison between a current case and a pastcase, the factor 171, i.e., unique product, is common to both cases.However, the current case also has an additional, unfavorable factor,i.e., factor 174 (“information-publically known or available”). As such,because the factor 174 is material to the claim that the information isvaluable (i.e., factor 182), the premise is undermined.

FIG. 3E is a diagram illustrating the information model used by the CBRsystem ontology to represent knowledge about each case/situationincluding explanations of its relationships to other CBR informationmodel components. According to an embodiment, each case in the CBRSystem has three major properties that are used by the CBR Ontologyreasoning system when comparing cases: the contested issue factor {I},the case decision factors {PC, PF}, and the decision {P,C}. The casedecision factors correspond to factors in a case that were used tosupport a decision for an Issue. Each case will have a subset of factorsselected from the factor hierarchy. PF factors support a “pro” decision,while CF factors support a “con” decision. Further, according to anembodiment, the factor hierarchy model is typically derived from someauthoritative information source such as a code of law and descriptionsof case decisions as well as how factors were used to arrive at adecision.

FIG. 3F is a diagram illustrating the information model used by the CBRsystem ontology to represent knowledge about each case comparisoninstance and its constituent components, i.e., current case and pastcase.

FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating a case comparison factor partitionsfrom a “pro” perspective according to an exemplary embodiment of theinvention. The CBR ontology represents the concepts in this diagram andenables reasoning to infer the appropriate partition for the factors ofboth cases in the case comparisons. See FIGS. 6F1 and 6F2 for the factorpartition ontology patterns. P1 identifies the common factors that arebiased for the “pro” perspective or “P” (the “pro” factors beingassociated with a solid filling). P2 identifies the common factors thatare biased for the “con” perspective or “C” (the “con” factors beingassociated with a hashed filling). P3 identifies the unique factors inthe current case, not in the past case, biased for P. P4 identifiesunique factors in the past case, not in the current case that are biasedfor C. P5 identifies the unique factors in the current case, not in thepast case, that are biased for C. P6 identifies the unique factors inthe past case, not in the current case, that are biased for P. FIG. 4Bis a diagram illustrating a case comparison factor partitions from a“con” perspective according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4C1 is a diagram illustrating the core CBR Argument model used foreach of the AS1 through AS6. Each argument is comprised of a subset oflogical claims that must be satisfied and one or more “not” claims thatshould not be satisfied in order for the argument to hold. If the “not”claim is satisfied than the overall argument is said to be excepted ordoes not hold. An argument may also have other sub-arguments of one ormore of its claims that also have to be satisfied, and in this wayenable the construction of the CBR argument scheme from integration ofmultiple arguments such as AS1 through AS6, as illustrated in FIG. 4C2.

FIG. 4C2 is a diagram illustrating an argument reasoning scheme from the“pro” perspective according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.In particular, the argument reasoning scheme in FIG. 4C2 utilizes theargument reasoning and schemes described in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Factor Argument Partition Argument Claim Argument Reasoning AS3P6 Past case stronger If P6 occurs with a past case having a exceptionunique differentiating factor for P, without AS3-P3 or AS3-P4 beingentailed, than this past case instance is excepted and does not passthis argument filter for further CBR reasoning. If the past case has noP6 partition than the past case is passed on for further CBR reasoning.If P6 occurs and is undermined by either the AS3-P3 or AS3-P4partitions, then the past case is also passed on for further CBRreasoning. AS3-P3 P3 Current case stronger If P3 occurs with the currentcase having partition a unique differentiating factor for P, and it hasthe same factor parent as in P6, then the AS3 claim is undermined andthe past case instance is not excepted and, therefore, is passed alongfor further CBR argument reasoning. AS3-P4 P3 Past case weaker If P4occurs with a past case having a partition unique differentiating factorfor C and it has the same factor parent as in P6, then the AS3 claim isundermined and the past case instance is not excepted and, therefore, ispassed along for further CBR argument reasoning. AS2 P6 Preference forfactors This argument simply passes all of the supporting P than casesthat were not excepted by AS3, factors support C i.e., either don't havea P6 partition or the P6 partition was undermined by either AS3-P3 orAS3-P4 AS4 P5 Current case weaker If P5 occurs with the current casehaving exception a unique differentiating factor for C, without AS4-P3or AS4-P4 being entailed, than this past case instance is excepted anddoes not pass this argument filter for further CBR reasoning. If thepast case has no P5 partition then the past case is passed on forfurther CBR reasoning. If the P5 occurs and is undermined by either theAS4-P3 or AS4-P4 partitions, then the past case is also passed on forfurther CBR reasoning. AS4-P3 P3 Current case stronger If P3 occurs withthe current case having partition a unique differentiating factor for Pand it has the same factor parent as in P5, then the AS4 claim isundermined and the past case instance is not excepted and, therefore, ispassed along for further CBR argument reasoning. AS4-P4 P4 Past caseweaker If P4 occurs with a past case having a partition uniquedifferentiating factor for C and it has the same factor parent as in P5,then the AS4 claim is undermined and the past case instance is notexcepted and, therefore, is passed along for further CBR argumentreasoning. AS1-P1 P1 Past cases with common This argument only entailspast cases factor for P that have at least one common factor with thecurrent case for P AS1-P2 P2 Past cases with common This argument onlyentails past cases factor for C that have at least one common factorwith the current case for C AS1 NA Relevant past case Past casesatisfying common factors and argument no (i) argument claim exceptionsor (ii) undermined argument claim exceptions. Intersection of past cases(i) satisfying AS1-P1 and AS2-P2 and (ii) not excepted by AS3 or AS4.AS5 P3 Strong argument - Past cases satisfying AS1 and AS5 (withStronger current case P3 entailed). argument AS6 P4 Strong argument -Past cases satisfying AS1 and AS6 (with Weaker past case P4 entailed).AS5 and P3 and Strongest Argument Past cases satisfying AS1, AS5 (withP3 AS6 P4 entailed), and AS6 (with P4 entailed).

Similar to FIG. 4C2, FIG. 4D is a diagram illustrating an argumentreasoning scheme from the “con” perspective.

FIG. 4E is a diagram illustrating CBR system reasoning outcomesimplementing the argument schemes according to an exemplary embodimentof the invention. As depicted in the figure, in a first step (e.g.,starting from the bottom), a plurality of past cases are selected forthe comparison analysis. Then, in a second step, a corresponding currentcase is selected for the comparison analysis. Then, in a third step,during the comparison analysis, relevant past cases are determined foreach current case. In particular, past cases may be considered relevantif they satisfy the AS1 argument relevancy conditions. For example, apast case may be considered relevant if there are common plaintiff anddefendant factors, i.e., factor partitions P1 and P2 are satisfied, andthe AS3 exception (i.e., past case strong exception) is not satisfied.As such, if one of the above conditions is not satisfied, the past caseis not passed along for further processing. Otherwise, if the conditionsare satisfied, the past case may proceed to the next step. In the nextstep, it is determined which past cases have the same desired outcome asthe current case. Specifically, it is determined which of the previouslyprocessed past cases do not satisfy the AS4 exception (i.e., currentcase weaker exception). The past cases which do satisfy the AS4exception are not passed along for further processing, while the onesthat don't satisfy the AS4 exception are passed along for furtherprocessing. In other words, the “minimal past” cases are those thatsatisfy the argument AS1 for relevance without satisfying either theexception Argument AS3 for a stronger past case or the exceptionargument AS4 for a weaker current case. In the next step, it isdetermined if the remaining past cases satisfy either of the AS5argument (i.e., stronger current case argument) or the AS6 argument(i.e., weaker past argument). In other words, the “strong past” casesare those that satisfy either the stronger current case argument AS5 orthe weaker past argument AS6, while also satisfying the argument AS1 forrelevance without satisfying either the exception argument AS3 for astronger past case or the exception argument AS4 for a weaker currentcase. Then, in the last step, it is determined which of past casessatisfy both of the AS5 and AS6 arguments. In other words, the“strongest past” cases are those that satisfy both the stronger currentcase argument AS5 and a weaker past argument AS6, while also satisfyingthe argument AS1 for relevance without satisfying either the exceptionargument AS3 for a stronger past case or the exception argument AS4 fora weaker current case.

FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating decision factors according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention. In particular, FIG. 5A depictsthe decision factors associated with the trade secret domain. Accordingto an embodiment, each decision factor (e.g., F1, F10, F12, F15, F2,F25, F26, and F27) may be associated with a certain side (i.e., P or C),name (e.g., F1-Disclosure-In-Negotiations,F10-Secrets-Disclosed-To-Outsiders, F12-Outsider-Disclosure-Restricted,F15-Unique-Product, F2-Bribed-Employee,F25-Information-Reverse-Engineered, F26-Used-Deception, andF27-Disclosure in Public Forum), and factor parent (e.g., F102, F105,F104, and F111).

FIG. 5B is a diagram of the CBR ontology instance graphs illustratingthe CBR ontology instance factor hierarchy assertions for the pro andcon factors identified in FIG. 5A. For example, factor instance F1 hasan asserted property “hasFactorSide” to the instance C and also has anasserted property “hasFactorParent” to factor instance F100. Further,factor instance F25 has an asserted property “hasFactorSide” to instanceC and also has a property “hasFactorParent” to factor instance F111.Factor instances F1, F10, F12, F15, F2, F25, F26, and F27 are all leaffactors since they only have the an asserted property “hasFactorParent”to other factor instances. Further, mid parent factors instances mayalso be inferred since there are parent factor instances of at least oneleaf factors, i.e., F102, F105, F111 and F104.

FIG. 5C is a diagram illustrating cases and their corresponding casefactors according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Asdepicted in the figure, the case entitled “Announce” has asserted casefactors F27, F15, and F1. “Bribe” has case factors F1, F15, FVPC, andF2. “Bribe2” has case factors F25, F2, F15, and F1. “Deceit” has casefactors F26, F1, and F15. “Disclose” has case factors F15, F10, and F1.“Restrict” has case factors F12, F15, F10, and F1. “Reverse” has casefactors F1, F15, and F25. Lastly, “Vanilla” has case factors F15 and F1.Further, as this example illustrates, each case has an asserted set offactors that were relevant to that case, where each of these casefactors are all subsets of the asserted factor hierarchy.

FIG. 5D is a diagram illustrating inferred factors for factor partitionP1-P6 for each case comparison according to an exemplary embodiment ofthe invention. Specifically, the figure depicts (i) a case comparisonbetween a current case CC and a corresponding past case PC and (ii)which corresponding factor partitions are satisfied. For example, forthe comparison between current case “Announce” and past case “Disclose,”factor partitions P1, P2, P4, and P5 are satisfied. In particular,factor F15 satisfies factor partition P1, factor F1 satisfies factorpartition P2, factor F10 satisfies factor partition P4, and factor F27satisfies factor partition P5. Further, in the comparison between thecurrent case “Bribe” and the past case “Vanilla,” factor partitions P1,P2, and P3 are satisfied. In particular, factor F15 satisfies factorpartition P1, factor F1 satisfies factor partition P2, and factor F2satisfies factor partition P3. In the comparison between the currentcase “Deceit” and the past case “Bribe,” factor partitions P1, P2, P3,and P6 are satisfied. In particular, factor F15 satisfies factorpartition P1, factor F1 satisfies factor partition P2, factor F12satisfies factor partition P3, and factor F2 satisfies factor partitionP6. In the comparison between the current case “Disclose” and the pastcase “Vanilla,” factor partitions P1, P2, and P5 are satisfied. Inparticular, factor F15 satisfies factor partition P1, factor F1satisfies factor partition P2, and factor F10 satisfies factor partitionP5. In the comparison between the current case “Restrict” and the pastcase “Vanilla,” factor partitions P1, P2, P3, and P5 are satisfied. Inparticular, factor F15 satisfies factor partition P1, factor F1satisfies factor partition P2, factor F12 satisfies factor partition P3,and factor F10 satisfies factor partition P5. In the comparison betweenthe current case “Vanilla” and the past case “Bribe,” factor partitionsP1, P2, and P6 are satisfied. In particular, factor F15 satisfies factorpartition P1, factor F1 satisfies factor partition P2, and factor F2satisfies factor partition P6. Lastly, in the comparison between thecurrent case “Vanilla” and the past case “Reverse,” factor partitionsP1, P2, and P5 are satisfied. In particular, factor F15 satisfies factorpartition P1, factor F1 satisfies factor partition P2, and factor F25satisfies factor partition P4.

FIG. 6A1 is a CBR ontology class diagram illustrating the classes andrelation properties focused on the CBR factor hierarchy ontology patternand its relationship to the CBR ontology class case 601. The CBRontology pattern for factors first defines the class for Factors 602comprising subclasses for Issue 602 c, MidFactor (i.e., mid parentfactor) 602 a and LeafFactor 602 b. Further, all asserted instances ofthe factors are asserted to the Factor class 602 and the othersubclasses having reasoning equivalent axioms based on hasFactorChildand hasFactorParent properties that enable the ontology reasoning todetermine the particular Factor subclass type for the instance assertedin the class for Factors 602. The Issue class 602 c is defined as kindsof factors having only the hasFactorChild property asserted for otherfactor instances. Further, according to an embodiment, the Issue class602 c corresponds to a top issue for a factor hierarchy for eachassociated case/situation, and which has its own tree structure ofMidFactors and subsequent LeafFactors. The MidFactor class 602 a isdefined as kinds of factors that have both the hasFactorParent andhasFactorChild property asserted for other factor instances. TheLeafFactor class 602 b is defined as kinds of Factors that only have anhasFactorParent property asserted for other factor instances. The CBRreasoning system than automatically infers which of the factorsubclasses, 602 a, 602 b, and 602 c an instance of the LegalFactor class602 belongs based on the corresponding definition of each class. Eachfactor may also have other properties asserted, as defined inLegalFactor class 602, i.e., hasFactorld, hasFactorLabel, hasFactorSide,hasFactorLabelString. Further, each case instance asserted in the caseclass 601 has a property asserted for that case for factor instances inthe class LegalFactor 602. Further, the CBR ontology pattern may alsoinclude Party 610, which corresponds to the party (e.g., plaintiff 610 aor defendant 610 b) that the decision factors are biased towards.

FIG. 6A2 is a diagram illustrating the reasoning relationships betweenreasoning outcome ontology classes of a CBR ontology and the classesrepresenting case comparisons, cases, factor partitions and factors withidentifications of the reasoning outcome classes according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention. As depicted in the figure, anontology 600 includes a plurality of ontology classes and propertyrelationships defined between them, e.g., case 601, factor 602, midparent factor 602 a, leaf factor 602 b, case comparison 603, factorpartitions 604, and CBR argument outcome classes: relevant casecomparison 605 satisfying arguments AS1 and AS2, strong argument AS6606, strong argument AS5 607, strong argument AS5 or AS6 case filter608, and strongest argument past case filter satisfying both Strongarguments AS5 and AS6 609. According to an embodiment, each case 601 mayhave property assertions “hasCaseFactors” for a plurality of factors602, wherein the mid parent factor 602 a and the leaf factor 602 b areinstances of the factor 602. Further, each CaseComparison 603 instancehas two property assertions: “hasCurrentCase” and “hasPrecedentCase” forcase instances in Case 601. Further, each CaseComparison instance 603uses ontological reasoning to infer factor partitions instances inPartition class 604. Further, based on the factor partitions 604, eachof the compared cases may then be filtered through the relevant casecomparison argument filters 605 (i.e., associated with the minimalrelevant past case argument AS1 of FIG. 4E), the weaker past caseargument AS6 filter 606, the stronger current case comparison argumentAS5 filter 607, the strong argument AS5 or AS6 past case filter 608, andthe strongest argument AS5 and AS6 past case filter 609 (i.e.,associated with the strongest past case argument of FIG. 4E) in order toinfer which of the case comparisons satisfy the particular argumentconditions and CBR sorted argument strength outcomes.

For example, as depicted in the FIG. 6A3, both of the CBR ontologyasserted facts and the inferred CBR ontology reasoning results areillustrated next to their respective CBR ontology classes. Further, thefollowing case comparison instances satisfied the conditions associatedwith the relevant argument AS1 class 605: “Announce v. Disclose,” “Bribev. Vanilla,” “Deceit v. Bribe,” “Restrict v. Vanilla,” and “Vanilla v.Reverse.” Further, the following case comparisons satisfied theconditions associated with the strong argument AS6 for weaker past casesfilter 606: “Announce v. Disclose” and “Vanilla v. Reverse.” Further,the following case comparisons satisfied the conditions associated withthe strong current case argument AS5 607: “Bribe v. Vanilla, “Deceit v.Bribe,” and “Restrict v. Vanilla.” Further, the following casecomparisons satisfied the conditions associated with the strong pastcase filter 608 satisfying either arguments AS5 or AS6: “Announce v.Disclose,” “Bribe v. Vanilla, “Deceit v. Bribe,” “Restrict v. Vanilla,”and “Vanilla v. Reverse.” However, none of the comparison casessatisfied the conditions associated with the strongest past caseargument AS5 and AS6 filter 609.

FIG. 6A4 is a CBR ontology instance diagram illustrating the factorinstances for a factor hierarchy according to an exemplary embodiment ofthe invention. As depicted in the figure, the CBR ontology property“hasFactorParent” indicates a factor relationship between one factorinstance and another factor instance. Further, the property“hasFactorLabel” refers to a human-readable, descriptive factor labelinstance.

FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating the CBR ontology inferred casepartition instances for the case comparison instance according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention. In particular, the factorpartitions are depicted for a case comparison between a current caseDeceit and a past case Bribe. For example, factor F15 satisfies factorpartition P1, F1 satisfies factor partition P2, F26 satisfies factorpartition P3, and F2 satisfies factor partition P6. Further, accordingto an embodiment, factors F2 and F26 share a common factor parent, i.e.,F111, thereby allowing past case factor F2 to be replaced by factor F26.As such, based on the common parent factor F111 substitution argument,the discriminating argument exception AS3-P6 may be removed.

FIG. 6C is a diagram illustrating the CBR ontology inferred casepartition instances for another case comparison instance according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention. In particular, the factorpartitions are depicted for a case comparison between a current caseVanilla and a past case Reverse. For example, the CBR reasoning systeminfers that factor F15 satisfies factor partition P1, F1 satisfiesfactor partition P2, and F25 satisfies factor partition P4. Further,factors F1 is biased toward to “P,” while factors F1 and F25 are biasedtowards “C.” Further, according to an embodiment, even though the pastcase Reverse was decided for “P,” the case is weaker than the currentcase Vanilla because of the presence of the unique factor F25, which isbiased for “C.” Further, unlike FIG. 6B, there are no leaf factorshaving a common mid parent factor in FIG. 6C.

FIG. 6D is a diagram illustrating the CBR ontology inferred casepartition instances for another case comparison instance according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention. In particular, the casecomparison between a current case “Bribe” and a past case “Reverse” isdepicted. Further, CBR outcome inferences 605, 608, and 609 are alsoillustrated for this specific case comparisons instance. For example,factor F15 satisfies factor partition P1, thereby indicating that Bribeand Reverse have common “P” factors. Further, factor F1 satisfies factorpartition P2, thereby indicating Bribe and Reverse have common “C”factors. Further, F2 satisfies factor partition P3, thereby indicatingthat argument AS5 (current case stronger) is satisfied. Further, F25satisfies factor partition P4, thereby indicating that argument AS6(past case weaker) is satisfied. However, neither of factor partitionsP5 and P6 were satisfied. Accordingly, based on the above, it can bedetermined that the conditions associated with filters 605, 608, and 609were satisfied. In other words, Reverse can be utilized as a “strongestpast” case for current case Bribe.

FIG. 6E is a diagram illustrating an ontology class diagram of theargument scheme layer and the CBR outcome layer classes. According to anembodiment, the hierarchical reasoning in this particular CBR ontologyclass diagram is created by instance inferences of ontology classes thatare dependent on other inferred class instances, wherein the CBRoutcomes are defined as classes associated with argument reasoning whichis dependent on other argument class instance inferences. Further, asdepicted in the figure, the instances are all CaseComparison class 603instances as described in FIGS. 6A2 and 6A3.

According to an embodiment, the AS3 argument class is the first casecomparison argument filter executed by the CBR system. The AS3 argumentclass determines whether a P6 exception applies, where the past case isstronger than the current case as exemplified in the argument schememodel in FIG. 4C1. Further, if there is a P6 factor partition instancethan it may be undermined by a P3 or P4 instance having a common factorparent. If there is no P6 exception or if the exception is undermined bya P3 or P4 factor instance, than this case comparison is not filteredout and proceeds to the next step of the argument scheme filter analysiswith argument AS2. In particular, the argument AS2 is applied to thecase comparison instances that have not been removed by the AS3 argumentfilter and determines (i) whether these case comparison instances haveboth common pro factors in partition P1 and the common con factors inpartition P2 and (ii) whether the decision for the past case was biasedfor “P.” If the above conditions are satisfied, then these casecomparisons proceed to the next argument stage reasoning, i.e., AS1.Otherwise, they are filtered out from further CBR reasoning in theontology.

According to an embodiment, AS1 determines which case comparisonssatisfied argument AS2 as well as if the argument AS4 exception failed.Further, AS2 also checks whether these case comparisons satisfy therequirements for common factor instances in partition P1 and partitionP2. If these conditions are satisfied, then the resulting inferred casecomparison instances are classified as relevant and are passed on forfurther arguments reasoning by AS5 and AS6.

According to an embodiment, the AS5 argument analyzes the casecomparison instances to determine whether there is a factor instance forpartition P3. If there is a factor instance for P3, then this ontologyclass is satisfied and the case comparison instance is classified as astrong CBR outcome with the current case stronger that the precedentcase. Further, the AS6 argument analyzes the case comparison instancesto determine whether there is a factor instance for partition P4. Ifthere is a factor instance for P4, then this ontology class is satisfiedand the case comparison instance is classified as a strong CBR outcomewith the past case weaker that the current case. According to anembodiment, if either of the AS5 or AS6 argument classes are satisfiedby a case comparison instance, than the corresponding instances areclassified as stronger CBR outcomes. Further, if both of AS5 and AS6arguments are satisfied for a case comparison instance, than it isclassified as strongest CBR outcomes.

FIGS. 6F1 and 6F2 are diagrams illustrating ontology patterns for theCBR case comparison factor partitions. In particular, the figure depictsthe ontology class “Partition” and its relationship to the CBR ontologyclass “CaseComparison” via the property “hasCaseComparisonPartitions.”According to an embodiment, each case comparison instance has multipleassertions of “hasCaseComparisonPartitions” to the factor instances inat least one of the partition classes P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6.Further, the class “PartitionsPCDecidedForP” has subclasses P1, P2, P3,P4, P5, and P6. The CBR ontology at the Partitions layer performsreasoning to determine which factors from the two cases of an instanceof CaseComparison are inferred as members of the ontology subclasses P1through P6. In addition, in order to enable reasoning about whichpartitions have factor-inferred instance factors, additional subclasseshave been designed for each Partition class, e.g.,“P1PartitionwFactors.” In addition, another subclass may be utilized todetermine whether a partition has any inferred factors, e.g., class“P1NoFactor.” Further, in order to support whether a factor in apartition can be undermined by certain arguments, additional subclasseshave been designed to enable inferences that determine whether thefactor inferred in that partition has a common mid-parent with anotherfactor, e.g., “P3PartitionswP3P5FactorswCommMidParent.” According to anembodiment, this specific class identifies whether the factor in P3 hasa common mid parent factor in partition P5.

FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating a user interface according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention. In particular, the figure depictsa user entry page 701 configured to receive user selection regarding thetypes of CBR outputs to display: (i) information about the case (e.g.,date, decision, factors, authorities, and contested issue), (ii)information about the factors (e.g., description, bias, name, and ID),and (iii) information about the CBR outcome (e.g., CBR caseclassification, discriminating strong factor, discriminating weakfactor, common factors, and recommended factors). Further, the page 701also enables the user to drill down on which CBR analysis outputs todisplay. For example, the user may select at least one of the followingoptions: (i) P1-P6 factor partitions, (ii) cases where there are nodiscriminating exceptions, (iii) cases where the exceptions weremitigated, (iv) cases with AS3 exceptions, (v) cases with AS4exceptions, (vi) cases with no common factors, (vii) stronger pastcases, (viii) weaker past cases, and (ix) stronger current case.Further, the user is also able to apply certain CBR statistical metrics:(i) cases with most common factors, (ii) distribution of case commonfactors, (iii) distribution of each partition P1-P6, and (iv) averageand standard deviation of P1-P6 distributions.

FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating the user interface in FIG. 7Aaccording to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. Inparticular, the figure depicts a results page 702 configured to: (i)display the past case information selected with the user entry page 701(e.g., case name, case dates, argument strength classification,strongest factors, strong factors, relevant common factors, andrecommended factors) and (ii) apply additional filters to theinformation selected with the user entry page 701, e.g., dates ranges,comparison strength (e.g., strongest, strong, relevant, non-relevant),particular factors, and past bias outcomes (e.g., pro, con). Further,according to an embodiment, the user interface provides an ability for auser to apply “what-if” changes to a current case/situation, anddiscover the effects of these changes with full explanatory informationabout the reasons for the change in CBR reasoning results. Inparticular, because the CBR system has full explicit knowledge of allintermediate reasoning results about the comparison of a pastcase/situation with a current case/situation, the final results of itsclassification for use as an argument for a similar decision, and aninternal model of the argument strength level for that similar decision,it may use this knowledge to recommend to the user additional specificfactor(s) that would strengthen the current situation.

FIG. 7C is a diagram of an exemplary user interface providing the userwith the capabilities to select Factors for a current case instance andthen execute the reasoning again to observe the changes in the CBRoutcomes and factor partitions for each case comparison instance forthat current case. The drill down capabilities of FIG. 7B will influencethe set of case comparison instances that are displayed. The “CurrentCase” column displays the set of current cases in the population thatthe user can select for a “What if” analysis. The “Case Comparison”column displays the instances of the case comparison and itscorresponding CBR outcome classification, i.e., Strongest, Strong,Relevant, or Not Relevant may be displayed in separate columns. Further,any factor instances associated with the factor partitions for theparticular “Current Case” instance may also be displayed incorresponding columns. Further, according to an embodiment, the factorsdisplayed in the “Factor Selection” column and the correspondingselection boxes enable a user to modify the asserted factors for the“Current Case” by selecting or de-selecting the relevant selection box.

FIG. 7D is a diagram illustrating a user interface for supporting theentering of information to define a factor hierarchy according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention. In particular, the user interfacemay be utilized to define the factors in a domain related to a contestedissue in a universal factor ontology (including the factor's provenance,pro/con bias, parent-child relationship, and version status). Inparticular, the user is able to populate a case/situation ontology withknowledge of past cases/situations with contested issues, and to linkthe domain factors in the populated factor ontology with the populatedcase/situation ontology. These ontology components are associated withspecific architecture layers in the CBR architecture such that they arejust sources of knowledge that can be used by the higher CBR layers toprovide advice on which past situations/cases can be used to arguesimilar decision for a contested issue. In particular, a user can definea taxonomy and relationships between the factors for each contestedissue by populating a taxonomy ontology and a factor hierarchy,respectively. According to an embodiment, the factor model may becreated in response to questions on an user interface about whichfactors to use for a decision for a contested issue. As depicted in thefigure, a user can select a “Case” instance by activating a checkbox,which allows the user to then identify a “Factor ID” by (i) selectingone of the corresponding selection check boxes or (ii) entering a“Factor ID” value if it is not provided by any of the selection boxes.Further, according to an embodiment, the selection (or entering) of the“Factor ID” will then enable the user to also (i) enter a factor labelstring, (ii) select its bias for P or C with a corresponding selectionbox, and (iii) select or enter a “Factor Parent.”

It will be appreciated by those persons skilled in the art that thevarious embodiments described herein are capable of broad utility andapplication. Accordingly, while the various embodiments are describedherein in detail in relation to the exemplary embodiments, it is to beunderstood that this disclosure is illustrative and exemplary of thevarious embodiments and is made to provide an enabling disclosure.Accordingly, the disclosure is not intended to be construed to limit theembodiments or otherwise to exclude any other such embodiments,adaptations, variations, modifications and equivalent arrangements. Forexample, although the disclosure has been directed primarily to legalcases (e.g., Trade Secrets), it can be used in connection with otherlegal situations as well as non-legal situations as long as thedecisions for situations are based on some common defined factorhierarchy associated with a contested issue.

The system described above can be implemented with servers and othercomputing devices in various configurations. The various servers andcomputing devices may use software to execute programs to execute themethods described above. Various embodiments of the invention alsorelate to the software or computer readable medium containing programinstructions for executing the above described methods for automatingthe CBR analysis via the OWL 2 reasoning engine and the populated CBRontology with case information, assertions for the factors for eachcase, and assertions for defining the Factor Hierarchy.

Although the foregoing examples show the various embodiments of theinvention in one physical configuration; it is to be appreciated thatthe various components may be located at distant portions of adistributed network, such as a local area network, a wide area network,a telecommunications network, an intranet and/or the Internet. Thus, itshould be appreciated that the components of the various embodiments maybe combined into one or more devices, collocated on a particular node ofa distributed network, or distributed at various locations in a network,for example. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, thecomponents of the various embodiments may be arranged at any location orlocations within a distributed network without affecting the operationof the respective system.

Data and information maintained by the servers and personal computersdescribed above and in the drawings may be stored and cataloged in oneor more graph servers consisting of one or more ontology knowledgebases, which may comprise or interface with a searchable knowledge baseand/or a cloud knowledge base. The knowledge bases may comprise, includeor a W3C standard service interface, SPARQL which W3C specificationdefines the syntax and semantics of the SPARQL query language for RDF.According to an embodiment, the results of SPARQL queries can be resultsets or RDF graphs. The knowledge bases may comprise a single knowledgebase or a collection of knowledge bases. In some embodiments, thedatabases may comprise a file management system, program or applicationfor storing and maintaining data and information used or generated bythe various features and functions of the systems and methods describedherein.

Communications networks connect the various computing devices describedabove and may be comprised of, or may interface to any one or more of,for example, the Internet, an intranet, a Local Area Network (LAN), aWide Area Network (WAN), a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), a storagearea network (SAN), a frame relay connection, an Advanced IntelligentNetwork (AIN) connection, a synchronous optical network (SONET)connection, a digital T1, T3, E1 or E3 line, a Digital Data Service(DDS) connection, a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connection, anEthernet connection, an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) line,a dial-up port such as a V.90, a V.34 or a V.34bis analog modemconnection, a cable modem, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)connection, a Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) connection, aCopper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) connection, or an optical/DWDMnetwork.

The communications networks that connect the various computing devicesdescribed above may also comprise, include or interface to any one ormore of a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) link, a Wi-Fi link, amicrowave link, a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) link, a GlobalSystem for Mobile Communication (GSM) link, a Code Division MultipleAccess (CDMA) link or a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) link suchas a cellular phone channel, a Global Positioning System (GPS) link, acellular digital packet data (CDPD) link, a Research in Motion, Limited(RIM) duplex paging type device, a Bluetooth radio link, or an IEEE802.11-based radio frequency link. Communications networks may furthercomprise, include or interface to any one or more of an RS-232 serialconnection, an IEEE-1394 (Firewire) connection, a Fibre Channelconnection, an infrared (IrDA) port, a Small Computer Systems Interface(SCSI) connection, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connection or anotherwired or wireless, digital or analog interface or connection.

In some embodiments, the communication networks may comprise a satellitecommunications network, such as a direct broadcast communication system(DBS) having the requisite number of dishes, satellites andtransmitter/receiver boxes, for example. The communications network mayalso comprise a telephone communications network, such as the PublicSwitched Telephone Network (PSTN). In another embodiment, communicationnetworks may comprise a Personal Branch Exchange (PBX), which mayfurther connect to the PSTN.

Although examples of servers and personal computing devices aredescribed above, exemplary embodiments of the invention may utilizeother types of communication devices whereby a user may interact with anetwork that transmits and delivers data and information used by thevarious systems and methods described herein. The personal computingdevices may include desktop computers, laptop computers, tabletcomputers, smart phones, and other mobile computing devices, forexample. The servers and personal computing devices may include amicroprocessor, a microcontroller or other device operating underprogrammed control. These devices may further include an electronicmemory such as a random access memory (RAM), electronically programmableread only memory (EPROM), other computer chip-based memory, a harddrive, or other magnetic, electrical, optical or other media, and otherassociated components connected over an electronic bus, as will beappreciated by persons skilled in the art. The personal computingdevices may be equipped with an integral or connectable liquid crystaldisplay (LCD), electroluminescent display, a light emitting diode (LED),organic light emitting diode (OLED) or another display screen, panel ordevice for viewing and manipulating files, data and other resources, forinstance using a graphical user interface (GUI) or a command lineinterface (CLI). The personal computing devices may also include anetwork-enabled appliance or another TCP/IP client or other device. Thepersonal computing devices may include various connections such as acell phone connection, WiFi connection, Bluetooth connection, satellitenetwork connection, and/or near field communication (NFC) connection,for example.

The servers and personal computing devices described above may includeat least one programmed processor and at least one memory or storagedevice. The memory may store a set of instructions. The instructions maybe either permanently or temporarily stored in the memory or memories ofthe processor. The set of instructions may include various instructionsthat perform a particular task or tasks, such as those tasks describedabove. Such a set of instructions for performing a particular task maybe characterized as a program, software program, software application,app, or software. The modules described above may comprise software,firmware, hardware, or a combination of the foregoing.

It is appreciated that in order to practice the methods of theembodiments as described above, it is not necessary that the processorsand/or the memories be physically located in the same geographicalplace. That is, each of the processors and the memories used inexemplary embodiments of the invention may be located in geographicallydistinct locations and connected so as to communicate in any suitablemanner. Additionally, it is appreciated that each of the processorand/or the memory may be composed of different physical pieces ofequipment. Accordingly, it is not necessary that the processor be onesingle piece of equipment in one location and that the memory be anothersingle piece of equipment in another location. That is, it iscontemplated that the processor may be two or more pieces of equipmentin two or more different physical locations. The two distinct pieces ofequipment may be connected in any suitable manner. Additionally, thememory may include two or more portions of memory in two or morephysical locations.

As described above, a set of instructions is used in the processing ofvarious embodiments of the invention. The servers and personal computingdevices described above may include software or computer programs storedin the memory (e.g., non-transitory computer readable medium containingprogram code instructions executed by the processor) for executing themethods described herein. The set of instructions may be in the form ofa program or software or app. The software may be in the form of systemsoftware or application software, for example. The software might alsobe in the form of a collection of separate programs, a program modulewithin a larger program, or a portion of a program module, for example.The software used might also include modular programming in the form ofobject oriented programming. The software tells the processor what to dowith the data being processed.

Further, it is appreciated that the instructions or set of instructionsused in the implementation and operation of the invention may be in asuitable form such that the processor may read the instructions. Forexample, the instructions that form a program may be in the form of asuitable programming language, which is converted to machine language orobject code to allow the processor or processors to read theinstructions. That is, written lines of programming code or source code,in a particular programming language, are converted to machine languageusing a compiler, assembler or interpreter. The machine language isbinary coded machine instructions that are specific to a particular typeof processor, i.e., to a particular type of computer, for example. Anysuitable programming language may be used in accordance with the variousembodiments of the invention. For example, the programming language usedmay include assembly language, Ada, APL, Basic, C, C++, COBOL, dBase,Forth, Fortran, Java, Modula-2, Pascal, Prolog, REXX, Visual Basic,and/or JavaScript and others. Further, it is not necessary that a singletype of instructions or single programming language be utilized inconjunction with the operation of the system and method of theinvention. Rather, any number of different programming languages may beutilized as is necessary or desirable.

Also, the instructions and/or data used in the practice of variousembodiments of the invention may utilize any compression or encryptiontechnique or algorithm, as may be desired. An encryption module might beused to encrypt data. Further, files or other data may be decryptedusing a suitable decryption module, for example.

The software, hardware and services described herein may be providedutilizing one or more cloud service models, such asSoftware-as-a-Service (SaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), andInfrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), and/or using one or more deploymentmodels such as public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and/orcommunity cloud models.

In the system and method of exemplary embodiments of the invention, avariety of “user interfaces” may be utilized to allow a user tointerface with the personal computing devices. As used herein, a userinterface may include any hardware, software, or combination of hardwareand software used by the processor that allows a user to interact withthe processor of the communication device. A user interface may be inthe form of a dialogue screen provided by an app, for example. A userinterface may also include any of touch screen, keyboard, voice reader,voice recognizer, dialogue screen, menu box, list, checkbox, toggleswitch, a pushbutton, a virtual environment (e.g., Virtual Machine(VM)/cloud), or any other device that allows a user to receiveinformation regarding the operation of the processor as it processes aset of instructions and/or provide the processor with information.Accordingly, the user interface may be any system that providescommunication between a user and a processor. The information providedby the user to the processor through the user interface may be in theform of a command, a selection of data, or some other input, forexample.

Although the embodiments of the present invention have been describedherein in the context of a particular implementation in a particularenvironment for a particular purpose, those skilled in the art willrecognize that its usefulness is not limited thereto and that theembodiments of the present invention can be beneficially implemented inother related environments for similar purposes.

What is claimed is:
 1. A case-based reasoning (CBR) system, the systemcomprising: a processor, wherein the processor is configured to:receive, at a user interface, selection of a current case and at leastone past case; compare the current case with the at least one past casebased on an ontology, wherein the ontology integrates informationassociated with the at least one current case and the at least one pastcase with at least one reasoning system, wherein the comparisonincludes: determining (i) a first factor hierarchy for the current caseand (ii) at least a second factor hierarchy for the at least one pastcase, wherein each of the first factor hierarchy and the at least secondfactor hierarchy includes a plurality of corresponding factors; andapplying the at least one reasoning system to the determined firstfactor hierarchy and at least second factor hierarchy, a set of factorpartitions that identify common and unique factors between two casesbeing compared, and wherein the at least one reasoning system filtersout those past cases failing to satisfy conditions associated with theat least one reasoning system; and display, with the user interface,those past cases satisfying the conditions associated with the at leastone reasoning system.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor isan OWL 2 web ontology language reasoning engine, and wherein theontology is rendered using on W3C direct semantics ontology theoreticstandards embedded in the OWL 2 web ontology language.
 3. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one reasoning system includes ahierarchical layered architecture of reasoning ontology patternsincluding at least one of: domain factor hierarchy ontology pattern,case factor assertions, domain factor case comparison, domain factorpermutation reasoning logic, defeasible argument reasoning, CBR casecomparison overall argument model reasoning, and CBR case comparisonoutcome argument strength classification reasoning.
 4. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the user interface is configured to receive userselection regarding display of at least one of: (i) additionalinformation about the current case and the at least one past case,wherein the additional information includes at least one of case date,case decision, case factors, case authorities, and contested issue, (ii)information about the plurality of factors including at least one factordescription, factor bias, factor name, and factor and factor ID, and(iii) information about the displayed past cases including CBR caseargument outcome strength classification, discriminating strong factor,discriminating weak factor, and common factors between the current caseand the at least one past case.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein theuser interface is configured to (i) identify and generate additionalfactors that would strengthen the current case in view of the displayedpast cases and (ii) recommend the additional factors to the user.
 6. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the user interface is configured to receiveuser selection regarding display of at least one of: (i) P1-P6 factorpartitions, (ii) cases with no discriminating exceptions, (iii) caseswith exceptions that were mitigated, (iv) cases with no common factors,(v) stronger past cases, (vi) weaker past cases, and (vii) strongercurrent case.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein: (i) P1 identifiescommon factors between the current case and the at least one past thatare biased for a first perspective, (ii) P2 identifies common factorsbetween the current case and the past that are biased for a secondperspective, (iii) P3 identifies unique factors in the current case, butnot in the past case, biased for the first perspective, (iv) P4identifies unique factors in the past case, but not in the current case,that are biased for the second perspective, (v) P5 identifies uniquefactors in the current case, not in the past case, that are biased forthe second perspective, and (vi) P6 identifies unique factors in thepast case, not in the current case, that are biased for the firstperspective.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the user interface isconfigured to receive selection regarding display of at least onestatistical metric, wherein the at least one statistical metric includesat least one of: (i) cases with most common factors, (ii) distributionof case common factors, (iii) distribution of each factor partitionP1-P6, and (iv) average and standard deviation of P1-P6 distributions.9. The system of claim 1, wherein the user interface is configured togenerate the first and at least second factor hierarchies based on userinput, wherein the user interface is configured to define at least oneof provenance, bias, parent-child relationship, and version status ofthe factors in the first and at least second factor hierarchies.
 10. Thesystem of claim 8, wherein the first and at least second factorhierarchies are generated in response to questions displayed on the userinterface about which factors to use for respective contested issues inthe current case and the at least one past case.
 11. The system of claim9, wherein each of the first and at least second factor hierarchiesinclude at least one mid parent factor and at least one leaf factor. 12.A case-based reasoning (CBR) method, the method comprising: receiving,at a user interface, selection of a current case and at least one pastcase; comparing the current case with the at least one past case basedon an ontology, wherein the ontology integrates information associatedwith the at least one current case and the at least one past case withat least one reasoning system, wherein the comparison includes:determining (i) a first factor hierarchy for the current case and (ii)at least a second factor hierarchy for the at least one past case,wherein each of the first factor hierarchy and the at least secondfactor hierarchy includes a plurality of corresponding factors; andapplying the at least one reasoning system to the determined firstfactor hierarchy and at least second factor hierarchy, wherein the atleast one reasoning system filters out those precedent cases failing tosatisfy conditions associated with the at least one reasoning system;and displaying, with the user interface, those past cases satisfying theconditions associated with the at least one reasoning system.
 13. Themethod of claim 12, wherein the ontology is based on W3C directsemantics ontology theoretic standards rendered using the OWL 2 webontology language.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least onereasoning system includes at least one of: domain factor case comparisonpermutation logic, defeasible reasoning, defeasible argument reasoning,CBR case comparison overall argument model reasoning, and CBR casecomparison outcome strength classification reasoning.
 15. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the user interface is configured to (i) generateadditional factors that would strengthen the current case in view of thedisplayed past cases and (ii) recommend the additional factors to theuser.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the user interface isconfigured to generate the first and at least second factor hierarchiesbased on user input, wherein the user interface is configured to defineat least one of provenance, bias, parent-child relationship, and versionstatus of the factors in the first and at least second factorhierarchies.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first and at leastsecond factor hierarchies are generated in response to questionsdisplayed on the user interface about which factors to use forrespective contested issues in the current case and the at least onepast case.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein each of the first and atleast second factor hierarchies include at least one mid parent factorand at least one leaf factor.
 19. A case-based reasoning (CBR) system,the system comprising: at least one server, wherein the at least oneserver is configured to store (i) a plurality of current and past casesand (ii) at least one reasoning system; a client device including a userinterface, wherein the user interface is configured to receive selectionof a current case and at least one past case of the plurality of currentand past cases; and a processor, wherein the processor is configured to:compare the current case with the at least one past case based on anontology, wherein the ontology integrates information associated withthe at least one current case and the at least one past case with the atleast one reasoning system, wherein the comparison includes: determining(i) a first factor hierarchy for the current case and (ii) at least asecond factor hierarchy for the at least one past case, wherein each ofthe first factor hierarchy and the at least second factor hierarchyincludes a plurality of corresponding factors; and applying the at leastone reasoning system to the determined first factor hierarchy and atleast second factor hierarchy, wherein the at least one reasoning systemfilters out those past cases failing to satisfy conditions associatedwith the at least one reasoning system; and display, with the userinterface, those past cases satisfying the conditions associated withthe at least one reasoning system.
 20. The system of claim 19, whereinthe processor is an OWL 2 web ontology language reasoning engine, andwherein the ontology is based on W3C direct semantics ontology theoreticstandards embedded in the OWL 2 web ontology language.